Recycling and second life:
- Second-life use: Utilities and homeowners may use old EV packs for stationary storage.
- Recycling process: Specialized facilities recover lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper.
- Regulations: The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate safe transport and disposal.
- Manufacturer programs: Tesla, GM, Ford, and others run take-back programs for battery recycling.
Recycling reduces environmental impact and supports a sustainable battery supply chain.